What does the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway do?

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an essential cellular signaling pathway involved in a number of important physiological functions, including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, protein synthesis, and autophagy.

What activates mechanistic target of rapamycin?

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a sensor of metabolic stress and integrator of environmental cues. Activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is triggered by oxidative stress, amino-acid levels and endosomal traffic to the lysosome by small GTPases such as Rab4A.

Which drug is a mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor?

There are three commercially available mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in the United States: sirolimus, everolimus, and temsirolimus.

How does rapamycin enter the cell?

Upon entering the cells, rapamycin binds a small protein receptor called FKBP12 (FK506-binding protein 12 kDa). The rapamycin/FKBP12 complex specifically binds to TOR and potently interferes with its function, causing cell growth arrest.

What is the mTOR signaling pathway?

The mTOR signaling pathway, which is often activated in tumors, not only regulates gene transcription and protein synthesis to regulate cell proliferation and immune cell differentiation but also plays an important role in tumor metabolism.

How is the mTOR pathway activated?

Multiple factors and pathways affect mTORC1 activity to regulate skeletal muscle mass. mTORC1 is activated by IGF-I/insulin, mechanical stimulation and amino acids (blue lines) and inhibited by glucocorticoids and myostatin (red lines). Activated mTORC1 increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.

How does rapamycin work with mTOR?

Rapamycin and its analogs bind to a domain separate from the catalytic site to block a subset of mTOR functions. These drugs are extremely selective for mTOR and are already in clinical use for treating cancers, but they could potentially activate an mTOR-dependent survival pathway that could lead to treatment failure.

What does rapamycin do to mTOR?

Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, forms a complex with FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) and in this form inhibits the activity of mTOR. Rapamycin was first described as an antifungal drug and used to inhibit the growth of yeast, but was later found to potently decrease proliferation of T lymphocytes [1].

What is a mTOR signaling pathway?

What is the mammalian target of rapamycin?

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine‐threonine kinase that has been shown to be essential for the differentiation and function of various immune cells. Earlier in vitrostudies showed that mTORsignalling regulates B‐cell biology by supporting their activation and proliferation.

How does rapamycin inhibit mTOR?

Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic that binds noncompetitively to mTOR and inhibits some of its functions, depending on rapamycin sensitivity. The mTORC1 complex is rapamycin sensitive, and its signaling regulates translation, ribosome biogenesis, autophagy, glucose metabolism, and cellular response to hypoxia.

Can rapamycin complex 1 signalling sustain B‐cell responses to Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection?

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling sustains B‐cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection.

Does mTORC1 signaling stunt the GCB cell response?

We found that both pre‐ and late GC deletion of mTORC1 signalling strongly stunted the GCB cell response, but the differentiation of memory B cells and long‐lived plasma cells from GCB cells was not impaired by late GC mTORC1 deficiency. Materials and methods Mice and treatment